Africa

** Essential Questions **:
 * **How can political change cause conflict**
 * Political change can cause conflict because it will make people disagree with what the party has to offer of the ideals. To those who live in that nation and might want their original political plan and if it was going to be altered, people might disagree on it.
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * Nationalism impacts the people, nations, and empires by giving everyone free rights to speak up for their land. Can impact in a negative way at times due to the fact that there would be a joining of countries under one ideal and it could lead to political change and cause conflict for the people.
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * Political relationships affects economic relationships by creating allies and trying to find peace among each other and giving each other deals that other people might not approve of.
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**
 * Freedom of speech, fear of other countries, liberty, similar culture, similar beliefs/ideals,common languages,

** What did you learn about Imperialism in Africa **?
 * Killed millions of people
 * Many Europeans thoughts colonies were essential
 * African colonies were troubled by politics
 * Africans engaged in warfare
 * Europeans urged Africans to give up their beliefs for western traditions
 * Many Europeans exploited Africans
 * African laborers were forced to make ivory and rubber
 * Joseph Conrad wrote "Heart of Darkness," to show the dark side of Imperialism



[|Questions on Map: Imperialism and Global Economy]

** Picture Detective **:
 * Ask a Question
 * What are those names on the stones?
 * What do you see? Clues?
 * Uncle Sam carrying Africans
 * Britain guy carrying Asian people
 * Names on the stones
 * A golden statue
 * What is the message of the political cartoon?
 * To bring towards the modern world.

** "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." ** ** By Karl Liebknecht ** It means that it is responsibly for killing many people in the process of imperialism by taking away nationalism and the resources in the country.

[|Graphic Organizer: The new Imperialism]



1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? White Man's Burden is to reflect the subject of American colonization of the Philippines. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? The reward the "white man" should get is to be able to rule over colonies for the benefit of the people. 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? It was originally written for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Many people might not agree with only white people ruling because they want other cultures to rule and to see the different perspectives. 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? I didn't find any lines interesting.

This was one of the replies to Kipling's poem:

"Pile on the Black Man’s Burden You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem, And will take up the Brown, In vain ye seek to end it,"
 * What is the message of this poem: The message of the poem is a response to Kipling's poem, is to argue the mistreatment of blacks and to criticize the racism that occurred in between the U.S war. White people continue to fight and not try to help the black race. To say that the burden is in fact on the black man not the white man.

[|Markup on The Berlin Conference]
 * ** Describe the significance of the Berlin Conference in 5 words **: Greed, division (Africa, U.S), Regulation (ports), power, beneficial (to Europeans), trade (without conflict)

** Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa **

**Document 1**:
 * Read each of the quotes or documents and answer the questions under each one: "//Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph."// **Hallie Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975**
 * What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * The perspective of the author is that he sees countries being taken over by imperialism and no body is defending themselves and almost accusing Europe for bond-aging other countries.
 * Why might the author be making this statement?
 * The author is making this statement he sees other countries are being controlled by imperialism and that nobody is fighting back.
 * How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.
 * This quote relates to imperialism in Africa is that people in Africa aren't speaking up.

**Document 2** **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...// //I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.// //I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//
 * Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * Jules Ferry. His viewpoint is that he sides with Europe because he believes that White should have full control and that they are smarter than any other races, therefore the lower races should be controlled over.
 * What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * The Spanish soldiers and the introduction of slavery into Central America. French colonial policy that led them to Tunisia, and Madagascar.
 * Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * He's giving this speech so that people could side with him and the expansion so that there could be more technology, trades, power, and money. The purpose is to gain supporters for the whites to take over control over the races.
 * What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?
 * That other races had no rights or say in having control. That whites were seen as the almighty.

**Document 3**: "The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne
 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * The meaning of the title gives to the illustration is that it shows that it is going to travel across the world. The artist chose these words to emphasize the power and influence it has on other countries.
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * Colossus of Rhodes; Imperialism before Lenin.
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?
 * The view point of the artist is that Africa is being taken over by imperialism.

**Document 4**: "//**Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//. [|letter from Moshweshewe markup]
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * Mark X, and is to show how white men were not truthful and are greedy.
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * Boers,Sir George Napier, Sir P. Maitland, Sir Harry Smith, Queen, Sikonyela and the Korannas. This impacts the meaning of the letter by proving how much white people were taking advantage of others. Such as all these Sirs, it shows how demanding they are.
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.
 * I think it was successful because it gave evidence and it also showed how all these white people are trying to persuade them about ending "injustice," when they are taking other people land.

**Document 5**: **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.** So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated. But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * They were treated like slaves. They were also treated like wild animals that had to be tamed. They were abused and killed.
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?
 * It was unsuccessful because the African Americans did not have the technology and could not fight against the whites advance technology.

**Document 6**: **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.** And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice.
 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Mojimba, African Chief. It refers to a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries.
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * "...our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies...You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions." It shows that whites are more advanced and could easily kill the people with their guns.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?
 * The chief's opinion of the British is that he thinks that they are wicked, evil and cruel for killing innocent people.

**Document 7**: **Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**. The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.
 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim
 * That the east Africans and persistent and to continue to hope for the best that they could fight against the whites with symbolic meaning.
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?
 * Africans made claims to have some sort of hope to win against the whites.

**Document 8**:Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * It is a white hunter and a wounded elephant.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * The purpose of the photograph is to show Roosevelt's expedition
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?
 * It indicates that people could easily kill elephants and other animals in Africa in 1909.

**Document 9**:
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Great Britain, France, Germany,
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * France has the most valuable country because it owns many things that could be used in daily life. Many people would need the things from the French West Africa for daily supplies that are important.
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?
 * This document could be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa by showing what can come out from Africa for converting towards imperialism. It shows the resources and how useful Africa could be to other countries and it could also boost their economy for being wanted for their materials.

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962
 * Document 10**:
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?
 * The response of the West African nationalist to years of colonialism is that he believes that he believes the colonies or country that is ruling his country should not be looking down on them and to make them think that they are nothing more. Also the fact that he does not like that he does not feel respected and his country is being taken away responsibilities and rights to conduct their own affairs. Although they have resources that can give power to colonies, they feel stripped and bare of their rights and own human identities.

Open Response: Period 4: __**Completed and Printed**__ open response must be turned in BEFORE class on Tuesday. Based on your analysis of the documents and images above, **analyze the social and economic effects of European Imperialism or colonization of Africa and the African response to imperialism**
 * Open response: **
 * While writing the open response:**
 * Develop a relevant thesis and support that thesis with evidence from the documents
 * Use all the documents
 * Take into account the source of the documents and analyze the author’s point of view
 * Be sure to include relevant historical information that you have learned in this unit that may not have been mentioned in the documents